Video Streaming Service Identification on Software-Defined Networking

It is well known that video streaming is the major network traffic today. Futhermore, the traffic generated by video streaming is expected to increase exponentially. On the other hand, SoftwareDefined Networking (SDN) has been considered a viable solution to cope with the complexity and increasing network traffic due to its centralised control and programmability features. These features, however, do not guarantee that network performance will not suffer as traffic grows. As result, understanding video traffic and optimising video traffic can aid in control various aspects of network performance, such as bandwidth utilisation, dynamic routing, and Quality of Service (QoS). This paper presents an approach to identify video streaming traffic in SDN and investigates the feasibility of using Knowledge-Defined Networking (KDN) in traffic classification. KDN is a networking paradigm that takes advantage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) by using Machine Learning approaches, which allows integrating behavioural models to detect patterns, like video streaming traffic identification, in SDN traffic. In our initial proof-of-concept, we derive the relevant information of network traffic in the form of flows statistics. Then, we used such information to train six ML models that can classify network traffic into three types, Video on Demand (VoD), Livestream, and no-video traffic. Our proof-of-concept demonstrates that our approach is applicable and that we can identify and classify video streaming traffic with 97.5% accuracy using the Decision Tree model

QoE estimation for different adaptive streaming techniques in mobile networks

Video services are becoming more and more popular for mobile network users and require greater and greater resources and provisions from telecommunications service providers. But operators suffer from problems of interoperability between the different adaptive transmissions techniques they employ in an attempt to satisfy the quality of experience (QoE) of the service provided to users and improve network performance. This article presents a comparison of four such streaming techniques - DASH (dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP), HDS (HTTP dynamic streaming), HLS (HTTP2 live streaming) and HSS (HTTP smooth streaming) - used in a live video playback by a user in different test scenarios on an emulated long-term evolution (LTE) network. Comparison of performance was carried out using the mean opinion score (MOS) metric calculated based on ITU-T Recommendation P.1203. The streaming techniques that performed best in each of the different test scenarios are revealed.El servicio de video es cada vez más popular por parte de los usuarios de redes móviles, además exige mayores recursos y prestaciones por parte de los proveedores de servicios de telecomunicaciones. Para satisfacer la calidad de la experiencia del servicio suministrado a los usuarios - QoE y mejorar el rendimiento de las redes, los operadores utilizan diferentes técnicas de transmisión adaptativa, las cuales presentan inconvenientes de interoperabilidad entre ellas.  En este artículo se presenta una comparación de las técnicas de streaming DASH (dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP), HDS (HTTP dynamic streaming), HLS (HTTP2 live streaming) and HSS (HTTP smooth streaming) empleadas en la reproducción de vídeo en vivo por parte de un usuario en diferentes escenarios de prueba, en una red LTE emulada. La comparación de desempeño se realiza mediante la métrica de la MOS calculada a partir de la Recomendación ITU-T P.1203. Se presenta para los diferentes escenarios bajo prueba, la técnica de streaming que mejor desempeño obtiene

QoE estimation for different adaptive streaming techniques in mobile networks

Video services are becoming more and more popular for mobile network users and require greater and greater resources and provisions from telecommunications service providers. But operators suffer from problems of interoperability between the different adaptive transmissions techniques they employ in an attempt to satisfy the quality of experience (QoE) of the service provided to users and improve network performance. This article presents a comparison of four such streaming techniques - DASH (dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP), HDS (HTTP dynamic streaming), HLS (HTTP2 live streaming) and HSS (HTTP smooth streaming) - used in a live video playback by a user in different test scenarios on an emulated long-term evolution (LTE) network. Comparison of performance was carried out using the mean opinion score (MOS) metric calculated based on ITU-T Recommendation P.1203. The streaming techniques that performed best in each of the different test scenarios are revealed.El servicio de video es cada vez más popular por parte de los usuarios de redes móviles, además exige mayores recursos y prestaciones por parte de los proveedores de servicios de telecomunicaciones. Para satisfacer la calidad de la experiencia del servicio suministrado a los usuarios - QoE y mejorar el rendimiento de las redes, los operadores utilizan diferentes técnicas de transmisión adaptativa, las cuales presentan inconvenientes de interoperabilidad entre ellas.  En este artículo se presenta una comparación de las técnicas de streaming DASH (dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP), HDS (HTTP dynamic streaming), HLS (HTTP2 live streaming) and HSS (HTTP smooth streaming) empleadas en la reproducción de vídeo en vivo por parte de un usuario en diferentes escenarios de prueba, en una red LTE emulada. La comparación de desempeño se realiza mediante la métrica de la MOS calculada a partir de la Recomendación ITU-T P.1203. Se presenta para los diferentes escenarios bajo prueba, la técnica de streaming que mejor desempeño obtiene

QoE estimation for different adaptive streaming techniques in mobile networks

Video services are becoming more and more popular for mobile network users and require greater and greater resources and provisions from telecommunications service providers. But operators suffer from problems of interoperability between the different adaptive transmissions techniques they employ in an attempt to satisfy the quality of experience (QoE) of the service provided to users and improve network performance. This article presents a comparison of four such streaming techniques - DASH (dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP), HDS (HTTP dynamic streaming), HLS (HTTP2 live streaming) and HSS (HTTP smooth streaming) - used in a live video playback by a user in different test scenarios on an emulated long-term evolution (LTE) network. Comparison of performance was carried out using the mean opinion score (MOS) metric calculated based on ITU-T Recommendation P.1203. The streaming techniques that performed best in each of the different test scenarios are revealed.El servicio de video es cada vez más popular por parte de los usuarios de redes móviles, además exige mayores recursos y prestaciones por parte de los proveedores de servicios de telecomunicaciones. Para satisfacer la calidad de la experiencia del servicio suministrado a los usuarios - QoE y mejorar el rendimiento de las redes, los operadores utilizan diferentes técnicas de transmisión adaptativa, las cuales presentan inconvenientes de interoperabilidad entre ellas.  En este artículo se presenta una comparación de las técnicas de streaming DASH (dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP), HDS (HTTP dynamic streaming), HLS (HTTP2 live streaming) and HSS (HTTP smooth streaming) empleadas en la reproducción de vídeo en vivo por parte de un usuario en diferentes escenarios de prueba, en una red LTE emulada. La comparación de desempeño se realiza mediante la métrica de la MOS calculada a partir de la Recomendación ITU-T P.1203. Se presenta para los diferentes escenarios bajo prueba, la técnica de streaming que mejor desempeño obtiene

Proposal for a fuzzy logic-based system to determine cardiovascular risk

One of the key variables to determine the level of cardiovascular risk is the heart rate variability, which associates different metrics such as average of the RR intervals (average RR), standard deviation of the RR intervals (SDRR) and percentage of differences greater than 50 ms in RR intervals (pRR50). Given that these metrics make use of different measurement units, scales, and ranges, it is necessary to determine an output risk level in intelligible terms, taking as input the values of each one of them. Thus, this article proposes the development of a system based on fuzzy logic to determine the percentage or cardiovascular risk level. The fuzzy system is connected to an Arduino board with a heart rate sensor where the heart rate and heart rate variability values are obtained, so they are used to calculate the risk level metrics. Using the input values of each metric, as well as the 3 membership functions of the inputs, the output membership function, and a total of 18 inference rules defined from the inputs and outputs, the system obtains the output cardiovascular risk level. The fuzzy system was implemented using free hardware and software tools, making it available in medical campaigns for the early identification of heart conditions

Fuzzy Logic-Based System for the Estimation of the Usability Level in User Tests

Starting from the challenge of obtaining the usability level in numerical and linguistic terms within a user test based on the three attributes that define usability, the development of a system based on fuzzy logic is proposed for estimating the level of output usability in a test with users based on the ISO 9241-11 standard. The attributes are effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction, which have different metrics and numerical scales. For the development of the system, five methodological stages were defined: characterization of the structure of a usability test, definition of membership functions for the inputs and outputs of the system, design of the inference rules that relate the inputs and outputs, design and implementation of the fuzzy system, and development of the case study. The proposed system was implemented using the FCL (Fuzzy Control Language) and the jFuzzyLogic API that takes as inputs the values calculated for the attributes of effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction, and obtains the usability level as output considering the membership functions of the inputs and outputs, as well as a set of inference rules defined by a set of experts. As a case study, the proposed fuzzy system was validated from the results obtained in a usability test with 5 users which was developed on the Sigma Electrónica website. From the results obtained in the case study, it could be concluded that the implemented system is adequate in terms of obtaining a level of usability in numerical and linguistic terms in conventional usability tests developed in a usability laboratory considering the attributes of ISO 9241-11

Coding multimedia educational content for videostreaming

En la actualidad existen diversas herramientas para la codificación de contenidos de vídeo, las cuales son usadas para cambiar el formato y modificar el nivel de compresión de los contenidos. En lo que respecta a las herramientas libres de codificación, por lo general estas carecen de interfaz gráfica, obligando al usuario a realizar este proceso mediante línea de comandos. En este artículo se presenta una propuesta de un proceso de codificación de contenidos multimedia educativos, considerando herramientas libres. A nivel metodológico, este trabajo se desarrolló en 4 fases: análisis de tecnologías y herramientas, diseño e implementación de la herramienta de codificación, construcción del escenario de videostreaming y evaluación del escenario de videostreaming. Como principales resultados de este trabajo se destacan la construcción de una herramienta de codificación para contenidos multimedia educativos y la conformación de un escenario de transmisión de streaming a partir de la herramienta desarrollada. Este trabajo permite concluir que la herramienta desarrollada posibilita la automatización del proceso de codificación de contenidos multimedia, haciendo uso de herramientas libres. Así mismo, el escenario conformado puede ser considerado como referencia en diversos entornos de aplicaciones que requieran el montaje e implementación de servicios basados en vídeostreaming, como es el caso de los procesos de educación virtuales.There are diverse video content coding tools, used to change the format, and modify content comprehension level. Regarding free coding tools, in general, these tools lack of a graphic interface, forcing the user to perform this process through a line of commands. This article presents a proposal for a process of coding educational multimedia contents, considering free tools. In methodological terms, this project was prepared in four phases: a) technology and tool analysis; b) design and implementation of coding tool; c) construction of videostreaming scenario, and, d) evaluation of the videostreaming scenario. The main results of this work include construction of a coding tool for educational multimedia contents, and organization of a streaming transmission space, parting from the developed tool. This work leads to conclude that the developed tool enables automation of multimedia content coding process, by using free tools. Likewise, the organized scenario may be considered as a reference in various application environments which require mounting and implementation of videostreaming-based services, as the case of virtual educational processes

Entorno de pruebas para el soporte de videostreaming usando herramientas libres

Among the different technologies with important implications today in such areas as education, health and business, videostreaming is highlighted. This considering how this technology facilitates the access to multimedia content remotely, live or offline. The goal of this paper is to propose a test environment for the support of the video streaming service, using open source tools. Moreover, this work proposes, as part of the environment, a stress measurement tool (Hermes), which allows obtaining the response times to establish multiple RTSP connections to streaming servers. The methodology used in this work is divided into four phases: analysis of technologies and tools, configuration of the video streaming environment, design and implementation of Hermes, and finally tests. This methodology allowed the construction of the test environment and its evaluation, through the stress measurement tool Hermes. Finally, in this work we demonstrate how the proposed environment becomes a reference point for different application environments that require the implementation of a video streaming service.Dentro de las tecnologías que hoy en día tienen implicaciones importantes en ámbitos como la educación, la salud y el sector productivo, se destaca el videostreaming. Esto teniendo en cuenta las ventajas que esta tecnología ofrece para el acceso a contenidos multimedia de manera remota, en vivo o fuera de línea. El objetivo de éste artículo es proponer un entorno de pruebas para el soporte del servicio de videostreaming haciendo uso de herramientas libres. Así mismo, este trabajo propone como parte de éste entorno, una herramienta para la medición de estrés llamada Hermes, la cual permite obtener los tiempos de respuesta producto de las múltiples conexiones RTSP a servidores de streaming. La metodología usada para el desarrollo de este trabajo está dividida en 4 fases: análisis de tecnologías y herramientas, configuración del entorno de videostreaming, diseño e implementación de Hermes y pruebas. Está metodología permitió la construcción del entorno de pruebas y su evaluación, a través de la herramienta de medición de estrés Hermes. Finalmente, mediante este trabajo se demuestra como el entorno de pruebas presentado, se convierte en un punto de referencia para diversos entornos de aplicación que requieran el montaje e implementación del servicio de videostreaming

Caracterización de tráfico para el servicio de Video Streaming en vivo sobre DASH en redes 4G basado en analizadores sintácticos

Context: Mobile data traffic generated by video services increases daily. To address this situation, telecommunication service providers must know the behavior of video traffic and thus adjust network resources to meet and maintain the quality levels required by users. Traffic characterization studies in 4G networks for Live Video Streaming (LVS) services are scarce, and those available are obtained from simulation scenarios in which the real operating conditions of these types of networks are not considered. Method: This work focuses on finding a model that characterizes traffic from the probability density functions of LVS services under the adaptive streaming DASH technique in LTE networks. The traces analyzed to carry out the modeling study were acquired in real emulation scenarios considering the operating conditions frequently presented in the actual provision of the service, for which five test scenarios were defined. Results: Based on the parameterization of a number of probability density functions found, a description of different traffic models of the service under study is presented, as well as for each of the pre-established test scenarios in a 4G-LTE network. Conclusions: From the results, it is concluded that the traffic model depends on the conditions of each scenario, and that there is no single model that describes the general behavior of LVS services under the adaptive streaming DASH technique in an emulated LTE network.Contexto: El tráfico de datos móviles generado por los servicios de video aumenta a diario. Para enfrentar dicha situación, los proveedores de servicios de telecomunicaciones deben conocer el comportamiento del tráfico de video y así ajustar los recursos de la red que permitan satisfacer y mantener los niveles de calidad requeridos por los usuarios. Los estudios de caracterización de tráfico en redes 4G para el servicio Live Video Streaming (LVS) son escasos y los disponibles son obtenidos a partir de escenarios de simulación en los cuales no se consideran las condiciones reales de funcionamiento de este tipo de redes. Método: Este trabajo se centra en encontrar un modelado que caracterice el tráfico a partir de las funciones de densidad de probabilidad del servicio LVS bajo la técnica de streaming adaptativo DASH en redes LTE. Las trazas analizadas para realizar el estudio del modelado fueron adquiridas en escenarios reales de emulación considerando las condiciones de funcionamiento frecuentemente presentadas en la prestación real del servicio, para lo cual se definieron cinco escenarios de prueba. Resultados: Se presenta la descripción, a partir de la parametrización de algunas funciones de densidad de probabilidad encontradas, de diferentes modelos de tráfico del servicio bajo estudio y para cada uno de los escenarios de prueba preestablecidos en una red 4G-LTE. Conclusiones: A partir de los resultados, se concluye que el modelo de tráfico depende de las condiciones de cada escenario y que no existe un modelo único que describa el comportamiento general del servicio LVS bajo la técnica de streaming adaptativo DASH en una la red LTE emulada

Construction of a Video Transmission Scenario in Software-Defined Networks for QoE Estimation

The services supported by data networks have become widespread, so the architectures of the new data networks are service-oriented. They are endowed with intelligence, flexibility, and programmability. The preceding is with the aim of providing acceptability by users. Thus, this paper presents the construction of a video transmission scenario over a software-defined network (SDN, Software-Defined Networking) using free software and modifying its behavior with background traffic, on which the Quality of Experience (QoE) is estimated. Subjective and objective metrics were used for the QoE estimation. For the first one, the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) was used, while the second one was studied with the Full Reference Image Quality Assessment (FR-IQA). Finally, a correlation between the two types of metrics was proposed